Bring a large pot of water to a rolling boil. Season the water generously with salt, add the pasta and stir during the first two minutes to prevent sticking.
Cook the pasta until just al dente, beginning to test it about two minutes before the time indicated on the package.
While the pasta cooks, place the olive oil and garlic in a large cold skillet. Set the skillet over low to medium-low heat and cook gently until the garlic becomes fragrant and lightly golden. Do not allow it to burn.
Add the cherry tomatoes, salt, black pepper and red pepper flakes, if using. Increase the heat to medium-high and cook for 6–8 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the tomatoes soften, blister and begin to release their juices.
Gently press some of the tomatoes with the back of a spoon while leaving others whole for texture. Taste the sauce and add the optional sugar only when the tomatoes are noticeably acidic.
Before draining the pasta, reserve at least 1 cup of its starchy cooking water. Drain the pasta when it is still slightly firm.
Transfer the pasta directly to the skillet. Add about 1/4 cup of the reserved cooking water and toss vigorously over medium-high heat for 1–2 minutes.
Add more reserved water, one tablespoon at a time, until the tomato juices and olive oil form a glossy sauce that coats the pasta evenly.
Remove the skillet from the heat. Fold in the torn basil and optional Parmesan cheese. Adjust the seasoning with additional salt and black pepper as needed.
Divide the pasta among warm bowls. Finish with a small drizzle of extra-virgin olive oil, additional basil, Parmesan or plant-based cheese, and optional lemon zest. Serve immediately.